Personal Writing: My First Time Experiencing Riding A Bicycle :: essays research papers

Personal Writing: My First Time Experiencing Riding A Bicycle Sangho Kang After a very meaningful conversation with my dad about the old days, we came up with an object that we both remember cleary. It was my very first biclycle. My mind told me that I got it when I was only eight but my mom insisted that I was seven when I got it. Either of us had a proof, and so we desided that when I got it was not important. My dad put together all the small pieces of the bicycle. From a beautiful material that he called, "Your own car." Of course I knew that he had some magical ability, but I didn't think he could make such an awsome object. He added the seat and the pedals. Last so that I would not have any problems. My dad recalled that the bicycle was the smallest he could find. I remember how gigantic it was. I was so afraid of it and there was no way that I was going to control that monster-sized material. The bicycle remained in my backyard as a decoration for a month because I refused to ride it. Honestly, I was scared to try it. After a month, my dad gave me a lecture to teach me what being a man was all about. I was finally determined to try it. My dad was proud of me and I felt very manly. He and I went to the park to see what we could do there. The park was empty when we arrived. I had no dought that my dad told everybody not to be there because we had to use it. I felt badly for other people, but I was proud to have such an onnipotent person as my dad. We found a smooth and a often space. My dad was holding the rear of the seat to make sure I didn't fell. He assured me that I was not going to fall because he would be running right behind, holding the bicycle. He reassured me by saying that it was the word of a man and I could trust it. I started to pedal and the bicycle moved. Once it started to move, I felt pedaling was much easier than expected. I asked my dad if it would be as easy to ride a bicycle without him holding on it. He did not answer me because he couldn't run, hold the bybicle, and talk at the same time. I told him we could stop if he was tired.

A study of the social representation of war Essay

War, a reportage of the crude reality of the Afghanistan conflict started in 2001. Junger, the author and also protagonist, let us  live as a US army soldier in the â€Å"terrible  geology†Ã‚  of  the  Korengal Valley. Even the soil  appears to be the perfect place to host something as horrible as the Afghanistan war. Junger’s  first accomplishment is surely the terrible  masterpiece  representation of the US soldiers’ lives in Afghanistan. The combination of descriptive sequences and figurative language throws the reader into the cruel battlefield where  Taliban and Americans play a â€Å"slow  game  that everyone was enjoying too much to possibly bring to an end†.    Junger, however, doesn’t limit  himself to the plain  reportage  of his  five journeys. His  book succeeds  at representing the sociological interactions that originate within  the platoon. â€Å"The men†, living  in a hostile  environment  with  extremely poor living conditions, seemed to have established higher social moral values than our society. The courage, the love they feel for each other brings about the â€Å"collective defense†, described by Junger, as an addictive feature of the society of this platoon. Through the dialogues, I felt extremely surprised in noticing that those men essentially were happier than us, because, in their societal  reality, the core system  was taking care of each other. The social institutions  of the platoons imposed brotherhood and  knowing that you had a family, your platoon, soldiers’ need were  accomplished.  I was then allowed to understand why the return to the normality is neve r an  easy process for veterans. Given the sociological representation of war, I could not avoid the comparison between  the society of the platoon with our Westernised reality.  Isn’t it crazy in our civilized Western society, that all we seem to lack, is care for each other? Our modern society focused on our own self-fulfillment, allows to ignore the moral calling,  to withdraw from moral engagement; however, in war, as Junger made me notice, nothing is taken for granted, everything is shared and everyone represents your family. If you save someone, it’s your duty, and accomplishing this duty takes you away from the psychological trauma of the daily atrocities of war allowing you to return to a familiar environment. I found Junger explanation of veterans’ traumatic return to reality very insightful.  As he suggests, once you experience the caring society of the platoon, real-world seems even more hostile than war. Perhaps it is, perhaps the real battlefield  is our 21st-century society. Junger made me reflect and wonder whether a hostile external environment is the only criteria where Marx’s  communism principles  hypothetically could work within a society; as the company of each other’s is all humans have got, the creation of a reality where equality and common goals would establish the social institutions, could in turn act as a defending barrier from the external hostile environment, allowing the shared commitment to a communist system. Junger in his  analytical reflection  (220-260) attempts to explain humans’  love of war.  As mentioned above, the return  to normality  seems to scare soldiers more than  the combat itself,  because there is no combat in the society. Throughout  his travels, the journalist never questions who gives us the right to be God. And if somehow we are allowed to fight for God position, as we accept that God was long gone from that Valley and the God position is â€Å"vacant†, are the soldiers truly  fighting  only  because they are told to do so? Fighting means killing. Every day, it means  taking over human lives. Junger never explores this topic in depth. He superficially justifies men’s engagement into  conflict due to a physiological adrenaline addiction. But  I reckon that human nature is three-dimensional, and the analytical chapters never  explored  whether the combat was addictive because  killing is a â€Å"joyful slaughterà ¢â‚¬  (Bourke, 1999). I felt that this  relevant aspect  of conflicts  was being avoided and it seemed like Junger maybe could not accept  our terrible human nature, our â€Å"terrible love for war† (Hillman, 2004). Personally, I believe that war is part of human beings and cannot be avoided, as neglecting it  would imply neglecting the human nature itself. Why do soldiers â€Å"miss the good stuff†?  Junger superficial  argumentation of addiction  to adrenaline seems too weak to support this argument. It is indeed scary, but war is natural, and I feel confident in claiming this as empirical history shows us war constancy. Another side of this book review focuses on the consequences that I noticed on my emotional spectrum throughout the reading. My judgment vacillates between  the ability of Junger as a great writer and the negative implications of his writing ability  on  my emotional reaction.  War further explores â€Å"how easy it is to go from living to the dead† (p. 85), the transcendent  condition of being on the â€Å"real† battleship: the Koregan Valley. Junger’s writing style leaves its mark, his climax, the vast use of short sentences to finish paragraphs and peculiarity to leave white empty space. It is here in these white where  he allows me, the reader, to feel and imagine, and thus  bring my persona into  those empty spaces; this writing what  took me back into my past. Passing from one paragraph to the other, carrying a heavy burden of sadness, I started remembering. Anxiety made me overthinking  rendering the reading experience  not pleasurable anymore. Junger was able to make me so engaged that I could not detach emotionally  anymore. Junger’s great ability to describe the soldier life conditions triggered the reminiscence of my past, where  I could, to a much lesser extent, resemble  the soldier’s  anxious life situation  with my past 13-year-old  self. Alone in my own land, now as well, governed by war; my parents, respectively the Taliban and the Americans. The gunfire, in my reality, pictured by  the lawyers, and as much as Junger, I’m unable to move, sometimes unable to remember. Until now. My gear, my responsibilities, and as much as the men felt too hot, I felt too young. I always thought that a good book is like a good soundtrack that accompanies an as well good movie. But would the good movie create the same effect on the audience without the musical notes? The movie would still be good, but emotionally steady. What Junger is able to do in his book is allowing a natural development of this soundtrack throughout the entire duration of the reading travel. For me, the soundtrack were the emotions, I could feel the pain and the emotional dimension of the platoon and linked it back to my personal experience. Could Junger have triggered a better emotional engagement, be it negative or positive? Another proof of the great ability of Junger in letting the reader assimilating the images of Afghanistan in war through his simple, emotionally detached writing style occurred when suddenly I found myself thrown into a distorted view of what we would recall as reality. Everything, from the soil, the muffled noises, to the deprivation of light. It was a hostile environment. Chaos dominated the scene. Despair could be felt and seen by glancing at other living beings’ eyes. The concept of life was no longer alive. I saw myself running, without a purpose, without a destination, without knowing. I was perhaps running for not dying, maybe because fear impregnated the odor of the air. I was not running to survive. I remember falling, and there I clearly felt a fleece trespassing my skin and hitting my lung. Breathing became an unbearable painful experience. And I was lying there, alone, on that desolated land where God had possibly forgotten to visit for a long time.  When the sun rise shone my room, I  was recollected into this world that we consider real. It took me a while to remove that negativity from my being. I remember hoping for someone to explain to me what had happened but no one of my war dream comrades was there. I could only grasp the ghost of a memory dissolving without leaving a trace. Indeed, I had a negative emotional reaction, but this doesn’t want to diminish Junger’s skills. However, his emotional  detachment,  I could say, made me  feel  sometimes frustrated.  As the reporter, it is essential to remain detached as the sole and unique task is to report. However, I, as a reader, was looking for an emotional judgment from the author. I felt  like I could  read  the mind of a mute child, victim  of an abuse,  who,  due to the trauma, has lost the capability of communication. And the more I was reading, the more the misunderstand was growing. Couldn’t Junger express something, just a small confirmation that what was happening was wrong? It took me a while before understating.   Only by reading chapter after chapter I was able to  realize that the emotionally detached writing style adopted by Junger, was, in reality, an emotional response to the atrocities that he was subject to witness in his travels. The detachment was maybe the only way to survive, the only way to remind himself that the War was not his reality, that his pe rmanence in Afghanistan was just temporary, unlike reality for the Platoon. Perhaps he also wanted to let the reader develop a  critical judgment without intervening. Overall, the representation of the US soldiers’ life condition in Afghanistan, under a sociological and psychological viewpoint, represents the best outcome of this book. Junger proves to be able to communicate clearly what he went through and he doesn’t stop here; his skills overcome the simple flat reading experience and allow the reading audience to develop an emotional engagement, be this emotional reaction positive or negative. Considering what happened in Afghanistan roughly 10 years ago, and how men had to live daily, I feel grateful and lucky to have had the possibility to read this book, as the probability of a bullet hitting Junger’s hypothalamus seems to have been somehow high.    Bibliography Bourke, J. (1999). An Intimate History of Killing: Face-to-face Killing in Twentieth-century Warfare. Hillman, J. (2004). A terrible love for war. New York: The penguin press.   

How Did Feminism Lead to Programs for Displaced Homemakers

A displaced homemaker describes someone who has been out of the paid workforce for years, usually raising a family and managing a household and its chores, without pay, during those years. The homemaker becomes displaced when for some reason – most often divorce, a spouse’s death or a reduction in household income – she must find other means of support, likely including re-entering the workforce. Most were women, as traditional roles meant more women stayed out of the workforce to do the unpaid family work. Many of these women were middle-aged and older, facing age as well as sex discrimination, and many had no job training, as they had not expected to be employed outside the home, and many had ended their education early to conform to traditional norms or to focus on raising children. How Did this Term Arise? Sheila B. Kamerman and Alfred J. Kahn define the term as a person over 35 years of age [who] has worked without pay as a homemaker for his or her family, is not gainfully employed, has had or would have difficulty finding employment, has depended on the income of a family member and has lost that income or has depended on government assistance as the parent of dependent children but is no longer eligible. Tish Sommers, chair of the National Organization for Women Task Force on Older Women during the 1970s, is usually credited with coining the phrase displaced homemaker to describe the many women who had been previously relegated to the home during the 20th century. Now, they were facing economic and psychological obstacles as they went back to work. The term displaced homemaker became widespread during the late 1970s as many states passed legislation and opened women’s centers that focused on the issues facing homemakers who returned to work. Legislation to Support Displaced Homemakers During the late 1970s and especially in the 1980s, many states and the federal government sought to study the situation of displaced homemakers, looking at whether existing programs were adequate to support the needs of this group, whether new laws were needed,  and providing information to those -- usually women -- who were in this circumstance. California established the first program for displaced homemakers in 1975, opening the first Displaced Homemakers Center in 1976. In 1976, the United States Congress amended the Vocational Educational Act to permit grants under the program to be used for displaced homemakers. In 1978, amendments to the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) funded demonstration projects for serving displaced homemakers.   In 1979, Barbara H. Vinick and Ruch Harriet Jacobs issued a report through Wellesley Colleges Center for Research on Women titled The displaced homemaker:  a state-of-the-art review.  Another key report was the 1981 document by Carolyn Arnold and Jean Marzone, needs of displaced homemakers. They summarized these needs into four areas: Informational needs: reaching often-isolated displaced homemakers through publicity and outreach, helping them understand that services were available as well as more specifics on  what services might be available to them.Financial needs: temporary financial support for living expenses, child care, and transportationPersonal counseling needs: these might include crisis counseling, financial and legal counseling, assertiveness training, psychological support including support groups. Counseling might specifically address single parenthood, divorce, widowhood.Vocational needs: assessment of skills, career/vocational counseling, help with job search and job placement, creating jobs, opening apprenticeship programs to older women, advocating for the hiring of displaced homemakers, affirmative action, working with employers to advocate for displaced homemakers and help employers deal with their needs.  Once a displaced homemaker with children found a training program or job, child car e and transportation were also needed.Education and training needs: developing skills, finishing educational levels likely to be required by employers Government and private support for displaced homemakers often included Funding agencies where displaced homemakers could go for advice or counseling, and to find out what services were available to them.  Many states provided a Displaced Homemaker program, often through the Department of Labor or through departments serving children and families.Job training programs, including related training such as English, writing, goal-setting, financial management, etc.Funding for higher education programs or for completion of high school.Job placement programs, to help match applicants to available jobs.Counseling programs, to deal with the personal change issues of divorce, the death of a spouse, and the effect of the challenge of their new circumstances to their expectations.Direct funding, via welfare or other programs, to sustain the displaced homemaker while s/he was in job training or counseling. After a decline in funding in 1982, when Congress made  the inclusion  of displaced homemakers optional under CETA, a 1984 program significantly increased funding.  By 1985, 19 states had appropriated funds to support the needs of displaced homemakers, and another 5 had other legislation passed to support displaced homemakers. In states where there was strong advocacy by local directors of job programs on behalf of displaced homemakers, significant funds were applied, but in many states, the funding was sparse.  By 1984-5, the number of displaced homemakers was estimated at about 2 million. While public attention to the issue of displaced homemakers declined by the mid-1980s, some private and public services are available today -- for example, the  Displaced Homemakers Network of New Jersey.

Thoughts on Feminism and Dystopia in the Handmaid’s Tale...

XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX ENGL 252-01 28 November 2012 Thoughts on Feminism and Dystopia in The Handmaid’s Tale The Annotated Bibliography Dopp, Jamie. Subject-Position as Victim-Position in The Handmaids Tale. Studies in Canadian Literature / Études en littà ©rature canadienne [Online], 19.1 (1994): n. page. Web. 27 Nov. 2012 Dopp believes that Dopp believes that the goal of The Handmaid’s Tale is to work against the oppression of women, While he feels that is actually does the opposite. Dopp Argues that the way the test is written forces the reader to objectify the handmaid’s. It is his view that the story was written in a way that the writer becomes a creative non victim, But realistically Offred plays the victim who†¦show more content†¦Reddy believes that while the story is a dystopian fiction it is also a historiographic met fiction. Jennifer E. Dunn Feminism and The Handmaid’s Tale: Web. 1 P332 (2009) The Salem Press Salem Literature Web. 16 November 2012 Dunn believes that the handmaids tale is a story which one women defines the oppression of many. The narrator though unreliable at times tells a story of dystopia. The unreliable narrator may at times discredit the validity of some of the feminine view points through out the story. Dunn feels that economic independence is crucial and when Offred’s rights begin to be plucked away one by one the shift of society is blatant for all to see. Women become second hand citizens who are indistinguishable between their own groups, yet they are still ranked among themselves. Uniforms play a critical role in striping the women from their former selves. They become merely Handmaid’s, Martha’s Wives, and Econowives. While there is separation between the groups the women are dressed to be exactly the same within their groups. Women essentially lose their identity. Women are separated yet again amongst their groups. The regime in place has spies all over, and woman and men alike work for the group called The Eyes. It is hard to tell who they can trust and who they can’t. This is the perfect situation for the regime, for if the group can not unite they will never be able to overShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Feminism In The Handmaids Tale724 Words   |  3 PagesMerriam Webster defines feminism is defined as â€Å"the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes† (Merriam-Webster). Still, today in America, the thought of gender equality idealistic because the system is internally misogynistic. Margaret Atwood tackles internalized misogyny because of hierarchal patriarchy in her dystopia, Gilead. She creates a world where on the surface women are equal while underlying criticizing religious conservative politics. Writer, Fiona Tolan analyzesRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1249 Words   |  5 PagesDystopian Research Essay: The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood In the words of Erika Gottlieb With control of the past comes domination of the future. A dystopia reflects and discusses major tendencies in contemporary society. The Handmaid s Tale is a dystopian novel written by Margaret Atwood in 1985. The novel follows its protagonist Offred as she lives in a society focused on physical and spiritual oppression of the female identity. Within The Handmaid s Tale it is evident that through theRead MoreA Critical Analysis Of The Handmaids Tale1340 Words   |  6 PagesA Critical Analysis of â€Å"The Handmaid’s Tale.† In this dystopia novel, it reveals a remarkable new world called Gilead. â€Å"The Handmaid’s Tale,† by Margaret Atwood, explores all these themes about women who are being subjugated to misogyny to a patriarchal society and had many means by which women tried to gain not only their individualism and their own independence. Her purpose of writing this novel is to warn of the price of an overly zealous rel igious philosophy, one that places women in such a submissiveRead MoreComparison between The handmaids Tale and 1894 (language as controlling force, language styles, structure and contexts3493 Words   |  14 Pages Both the novels 1984 and The Handmaids Tale provide warnings of how each author sees certain problems in society leading to dystopian states. Dystopian genres exist in both novels, but arise for different reasons. Resulting from Atwoods concerns about political groups and aspects of feminism; The Handmaids Tale illustrates how declining birth rates could lead to a state where women are forced into bearing children. In contrast, 1984 depicts a terror state where poverty is rife and tyrannicalRead MoreFeminism Lost in Margaret Atwood’s A Handmaid’s Tale Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesIn Margaret Atwood’s A Handmaid’s Tale, the human spirit has evolved to such a point that it cannot be subdued by complacency. Atwood shows Gilead as an extremis t state with strong religious connotations. We see the outcome of the reversal of women’s rights and a totalitarian government which is based on reproduction. Not only is the government oppressive, but we see the female roles support and enable the oppression of other female characters. â€Å"This is an open ended text,†¦conscious of the possibilitiesRead MoreThe Sexual Exploitation Of Women Is Made Clear From The Work Of Atwood, Rossetti And Chaucer3015 Words   |  13 Pagesthe time in which Rossetti and Chaucer were writing, women had their role, and the male would become the dominant figure. In The Handmaids Tale,the male figure overpowers the woman and becomes obsessed with the idea that women are able to reproduce. Within the three texts, this idea is put into context, each in their own form. For example, in The Handmaids Tale the idea is put across more physically, whereas in Rossetti poetry, it is seen to be portrayed in a more mental state of mind.Another id eaRead MoreMargaret Atwood s Handmaid s Tale3732 Words   |  15 Pagestowards them is strictly prohibited. In this world we would have no identity, no names, and no communication. This obscene idea would ultimately be the dystopian world from our worst nightmares. Margaret Atwood’s Handmaid’s Tale paints a vivid picture as to the nature of such a dystopia, a world which is ruled by a small wealthy ruling class, and where everybody’s rights have been stripped away from them. This dystopian society is situated in what was once the United States of America; what wasRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Atwood And Sylvia Plath s The Handmaid s Tale, And Moira Of Margaret Atwood1905 Words   |  8 Pagesdespondent frame of mind, the woman of Sylvia Plath’s poem, Edge, and Moira of Margaret Atwood’s novel, The Handmaids Tale, find themselves accepting their condemnation as their destiny. Both Margaret Atwood and Sylvia Plath use their works as emotional outle ts to express the hopeless disposition one comes to embrace having reached the point of exhaustion. Together, Moira from The Handmaid’s Tale and the â€Å"perfected woman† from Edge exemplify the quality of life or lack thereof, one is left with after allowing

The Impact Of A Poor Communication Climate On The...

This study will include a formal and comprehensive review of literature to provide a basis for the research. The literature review will consist of theoretical perspectives and previous research findings related to the communication climate in the workplace. The review will provide a focus for the study and to report the important concepts and data related to the attitudes and behaviors in the workplace. The review will include an overview of the behaviors, conflict resolution, and educating leadership on communication strategies. A variety of resources will be utilized for reviews of literature pertinent to the project and to answer the research question. Textbooks, professional periodicals and journals, online databases, and other reference materials will be the tools used to gather the data for the review of the literature. The researcher will utilize computerized databases, such as the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), journal articles, and abstract series, books re lated to mentoring, conference papers, and abstracts of dissertations, web site articles and research studies in preparing the synthesis of the literature collected. The Impact of a poor communication climate Communication climate effect the tone of an organization as well as an employees behavior and attitudes. The way we communicate contributes to the success of our organization, and the communication climate (Nordin, Sigapalan, Bhattacharyya, Ahmad, Abdul, 2014). pointed out theShow MoreRelatedWhat They Didnt Teach Us in Sales Class892 Words   |  4 Pagesturnover is foolish and expensive. Generally, there are five important areas that motivate people to leave their jobs as to why employees quit: Poor match between the person and the job Poor fit with the organizational climate and culture Poor alignment between pay and performance Poor connections between the individual, their coworkers, and the supervisor Poor opportunities for growth and advancement To improve the stated effects, employee retention should be emphasized. To achieve this, employersRead MoreWhat They Didnt Teach Us in Sales Class898 Words   |  4 Pagesfoolish and expensive. 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But with communication there are also some strengthsRead MoreWorld Police1072 Words   |  5 PagesEffective Communication in the Workplace Dominic Defalco BUS100 Intro To Business Grace Flannigan 11/8/2015 In the fast-paced world that we live in, communication has become a way of life, especially within the business environment. From a managers point of view, communication is the key to the success of many objectives and goals set by individuals and upper management. Unfortunately, management at every level is experiencing increased tension andRead MoreLateral Workplace Violence : Effective, Destructive, Or Harassment Behavior1344 Words   |  6 Pages Lateral workplace violence is described as aggressive, destructive, or harassment behavior in the workplace between nurses or other members of the interprofessional team (Yoder-Wise, 2015). This type of behavior can occur within every aspect of life including professional, social, and personal life. 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Cell Phone History Free Essays

The early years of 20th century saw the first attempts at wireless and mobile telephony, In 1908, U. S. patent 887,357 for a wireless telephone was issued to Nathan B. We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Phone History or any similar topic only for you Order Now Stubblefield of Murray, Kentucky. He applied this patent to cave radio telephones and not directly to cellular telephony as the term is currently understood. Two years later Lars Magnus Ericsson installed a telephone in his car. While travelling across the country we would stop at a place where telephone lines were accessible and using a pair of long electric wires he could connect to the national telephone network.In Europ radio telephone was the first used on the first-class passenger trains between Berlin and Hamburg in 1926. At the same time, radio telephony was introduced on a passenger airlplanes for air traffic security. It was also introduced on a large scale in German tanks during the Second World War. The in early 1950’s ships on the rhine were among the first to used the radio telephony with an untrained end customer as a user. It was the 1940’s onwards that saw the seed of the technological development which would enventually produced the mobile phone.Motorola developed backpacked two-way radio, the Walkie-Talkie and a large hand-held-two way radio for the US military. This battery powered â€Å"Handie-Talkie was about the size of a man’s forearm. In December 1947, Douglas H. ring and W. Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers proposed hexagonal cells for the mobile phones in the vehicles. Philip To Porter also of Bell Labs, proposed that the cell Towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas that would transmit/receive.During the 1950’s the expirement of the pioneers started to appear as usable services across society, both commercially and culturally. In 1969, a patent for a wireless phone using an acoustic coupler for incoming calls was issued in US patent. In December 1971, ATamp;T submitted a proposal for a cellular service to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973.Two-way mobile radios were used in vehicles such as taxicabs, police crusers, and ambulances, but were not mobile phones because they were not connected to the telephone network. Large community of mobile radios users known as mobileers, popularized this technology that would eventually give way to the mobile phone. The first fully automated mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in Sweden in 1960. It allowed calls to be made and received in the car using a rotary dial. The car phone could also be paged. In 1958 development began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR.The Altay national civil mobile phone service. In 1959 a private telephone company located in Brewwter, Kansas, USA, the Samp;T Telephone Company with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and a private tower facility, offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of NW Kansas. Martin Cooper a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first analogue mobile phone call on a prototype model in 1973. There was a long race between Motorola and Bell Labs to produce the first such portable mobile phone.Cooper is the first inventor named on the Radio Telephone System. Other named contributors on the patent included Copper’s boss John F. Mitchell, Motorolas chief of portable communication products, who successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products. The technological development that distinguished the First Generation mobile phones from the previous generation was the use of multiple cell sites, and the ability to transfer call from one site to the next. The first commercially automated cellular network (IG generation) was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979.The next IG network to launch was the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in the Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden in 1981. In 1990’s the second generation (2G) mobile phone system emerged primarily using GSM standard. These 2G phone system differed from the previous generation in their use of digital transmission instead of analog transmission. Introduction of advanced and fast phone-to-network signaling. Increase of mobile phone usage was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones.The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging, It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks. 2G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones. In 1998 the first downloadable ringtone content was launched. As the users of 2G became more widespread and people began utilize mobile phones in their daily lives, it became clear that the demand for data services (such as access to the internet) was growing. G was nowhere near up to the job so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main technological difference that distinguished 3G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission. The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry. Media streaming of radio and even television to 3G handset became possible. In the 2000 and evolution of 3G technology begun to implemented namely high speed Downlink Packet Access. The first such devices known as â€Å"dongles plugged directly into a computer through the USB port.Another device appeared subsequently, the so-called â€Å"compact wireless router† such as Novatel MiFi which makes 3G internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over Wi-Fi. The device became popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow. One of the main 4G differed from 3G was in its elimition of circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio, media, utilizing packet switching over internet. How to cite Cell Phone History, Papers

Hound Of The Baskervilles Essay Example For Students

Hound Of The Baskervilles Essay Task: To identify the ways in which Arthur Conan Doyles novel, The Hound of the Baskervilles can be considered a piece of gothic literature.  Gothic literature is a mysterious and grotesque style of fiction writing, often based on legends and myths. The gothic style of literature deals with eerie events and sombre settings. Gothic stories are usually set in forests; moors; hills or other remote areas, away from the boundaries of normality and civilization. The gothic period is believed to have begun in 1764 and the popularity of the genre continued to 1840. Around this time, a belief in supernatural occurrences and witchcraft arose; beliefs, which count towards the origins of gothic literature around this time, as peoples interest the genre, grew. The first famous gothic author was Horace Walpole who wrote The castle of Otranto. Many other well known gothic writers followed, including Ann Radcliffe; Edgar Allan Poe; Mary Shelley and Arthur Conan Doyle. Famous gothic titles include The legend of Sleepy Hollow, Frankenstein, The Raven and Dracula. The settings of gothic stories include those of manors; halls; castles and other residences of wealthy characters, often lords and ladies. These buildings, from the way they are described, have a distinct gothic style of architecture. The architectural features of these buildings include pillars; gargoyles; arches and points; oak interiors and dark dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cor, resulting in buildings which are majestic and mysterious, impressive and oppressive. Atmosphere is strongly evident in gothic stories and the general atmosphere is a dreary; mysterious; dark one. This atmosphere is frequently portrayed using severe weather conditions such as rain and snow. The stories are usually set in the decaying days of autumn and the dark days of winter and the horror normally occurs at night.  Typical characters of gothic literature include those of dogs or wolves; lords and other rich people. Most gothic story lines comprise of a vicious, evil male who is abusive towards innocent, helpless females.  Arthur Conan Doyles The Hound of the Baskervilles contains many of these features of gothic literature therefore I would class it as a piece of gothic literature. As already mentioned gothic novelists usually give a negative depiction of the landscape. The landscapes featured in the novels are normally described as hostile and grim. The depressing and dreary landscape that is a feature of gothic novels is also apparent in Arthur Conan Doyles The Hound of the Baskervilles. Chapter 6 of The Hound of the Baskervilles features the first detailed description of the landscape, when Sir Henry Baskerville is traveling across the moors for the first time to arrive at Baskerville Hall. In this chapter, the landscape is described either through Dr. Watsons observations or through Sir Henrys comments. The first description of the moors comes from Dr.Mortimer: there rose in the distance a gray melancholy hill, with a strange jagged summit. The gg sound in jagged is harsh and discordant, which gives the reader the impression that the landscape is hostile and dangerous, particularly as, by definition, the word jagged means sharply textured. The hill is described as strange which tells the reader that the landscape is mysterious. This benefits a gothic novel, as mystery and danger are key elements of atmosphere in this genre. Melancholy shows the landscape as being dreary and creates a sombre mood. In addition, in chapter 6 Dr. Mortimer describes the landscape as a forbidding moor which gives a rather frightening impression of the moor, with forbidding meaning menacing. The hard and forceful consonants within the word add to the sinister impression as they convey a lack of warmth and a sense of unfriendliness. Further into chapter 6 the landscape is described again: the long, gloomy curve of the moor, broken by the jagged and sinister hills. The ong and oom sounds, which are elongated, create a mysterious impression when linked to the meaning of the phrase as both the length of the expanse of moorland and the depth of the gloom are emphasised. Adding to this, the harsh gg and sin sounds, in jagged and sinister, create an intimidating feeling of the landscape; firstly because of the roughness of the gg but also because of the hissing effect at the start of sinister. .u387fc8402ec7562e6a823209e274b1bb , .u387fc8402ec7562e6a823209e274b1bb .postImageUrl , .u387fc8402ec7562e6a823209e274b1bb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u387fc8402ec7562e6a823209e274b1bb , .u387fc8402ec7562e6a823209e274b1bb:hover , .u387fc8402ec7562e6a823209e274b1bb:visited , .u387fc8402ec7562e6a823209e274b1bb:active { border:0!important; } .u387fc8402ec7562e6a823209e274b1bb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u387fc8402ec7562e6a823209e274b1bb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u387fc8402ec7562e6a823209e274b1bb:active , .u387fc8402ec7562e6a823209e274b1bb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u387fc8402ec7562e6a823209e274b1bb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u387fc8402ec7562e6a823209e274b1bb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u387fc8402ec7562e6a823209e274b1bb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u387fc8402ec7562e6a823209e274b1bb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u387fc8402ec7562e6a823209e274b1bb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u387fc8402ec7562e6a823209e274b1bb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u387fc8402ec7562e6a823209e274b1bb .u387fc8402ec7562e6a823209e274b1bb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u387fc8402ec7562e6a823209e274b1bb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 'The Ostler', 'The Old Nurse's Story' and 'The Red Room' EssayThe dismal landscape of the moors is also described in later chapters of the book, for example gloomy slopes of hills in chapter 14 which creates a very disheartening feeling about the landscape, as does ill-omened moor, in the same chapter, meaning that the moor has a bleak feeling about it, created by the fact that the prefix ill means unlucky, bad or evil. The impression that the reader is left with is that nothing fruitful can be gained from being close to the moors; they can only bring discomfort and disaster. In conclusion, it is clear that Arthur Conan Doyle describes the landscape in a way that corresponds to the style of gothic literature. The novel is set around remote moorland, which is portrayed to the reader through the frequent repetition of certain adjectives, which depict the landscape negatively. This technique is common to gothic literature as is the creation of an atmosphere that is a dismal, threatening one, suggesting that Conan Doyles writing is typically gothic.